Race and Ethnicity - 732 Words

Race and Ethnicity For long there has been a notion that the minority groups are usually poor and have a low living standard as well as contribute less to the economy of the USA. However, there is a group that is fast growing and is surmounting odds in overturning this notion. They are striving hard to attain the highest possible academic and economic levels in order to match the majority white population. Indeed they are surpassing a significant number of the white population; the Asian Americans. This class of Americans has come to be referred to as the Model Minority which is a term that came into use due to the distinct rise in level above the other minority groups in economic, academic and social statures. They are seen to be the high end Asians with proper education and property, engaging in trade and politics of almost all the states of the USA, and this has changed my view about the minority in a significant manner. Though in reality there are more than half the populations of the Asians who at tend community colleges and even the four years colleges, there is a general overshadowing of this group by their richer counterparts. As noted by Los Angeles Times Gale Holland (2008), there are two separate populations, one high-income and high-education attainment, and then a second group, equally important, that is low-income and low-education attainment ¦ The [first group] has completely overshadowed the existence of the other group of folks. This indicatesShow MoreRelatedRace, Ethnicity And Ethnicity917 Words   |  4 Pageswould like to discuss the issue of race and ethnicity in sports. We will also explore the bigger questions. How much does race and ethnicity matter in the sports world? Are certain races dominant in certain sports? Is there a difference in how we treat players based on race and ethnicity? Does it matter? I would like to answer some of these questions and gain a better understanding of how much of a part they play. Introduction Race and ethnicity in sports is a very delicate subjectRead MoreDimensions On Race And Ethnicity848 Words   |  4 PagesSection Review 2: Dimensions on Race and Ethnicity A.) Summary and Reaction This section review covers the factors related to racial and ethnic identity. The text stated that racial identity is self-determined and incorporates the values from one’s cultural group (Schwarzbaum Thomas, 2008). The text also explained that ethnic identity can vary from family to family and can lead to value-based conflicts within a family (Schwarzbaum Thomas, 2008). I thought this section also did a great job inRead MoreSociology : Race And Ethnicity962 Words   |  4 PagesRace and ethnicity are commonly used as synonyms for each other as we encounter many diverse individuals throughout the world. Sociologist on the other hand, find very distinct understandings to how these terms, while different, hold correlation to one another. Max Weber, a founding figure of sociology, was one of the first to define race and ethnicity. He stood with the idea of essentialism which presumes that and individual s identity depends on fundamental and innate characteristics that areRead MoreA Brief Note On The Race And Ethnicity850 Words   |  4 PagesRace and ethnicity have always been a difficult topic to talk about, but not because I am embarrassed, but because to this date I’m still confused. Most of the time I find myself confused and asking questions such as, who am I? Where do I belong? When I get asked about my race I always say Hispanic or Latina; I don’t even know what I am. In high school my Spanish teacher once told me that Hispanic and Latina is not the same thing. Hispanics are individuals who are related to Spain and Latinos areRead MoreEssay about Race and Ethnicity487 Words   |  2 Pagestopics of race and ethnicity, I myself had nervous tendencies in assuming that such a class may not strengthen my understanding of ethnic and race relations. I realized I knew little about race or ethnicity, and even the possible similarities or differences. However, I welcomed the opportunity to further discover the possibilities of the class. My understanding of race was concentrated in a definition that could be understood as different skin colors. My limited conception of ethnicity applied toRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Biological And Sociological Factors957 Words   |  4 PagesRace and Ethnicity both relates to biological and sociological factors respecti vely and even though they can overlap, they are distinct. The term race refers to the concept of dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of physical characteristics (which usually result from genetic ancestry). Race presumes shared biological or genetic traits, whether actual or asserted and the category to which others assign individuals on the basis of physical characteristics. Races areRead MoreRace, Religion, Social Class, And Ethnicity1274 Words   |  6 Pagesguided by how you identify. Identification in one’s gender, race, religion, social class, and ethnicity are all driving forces behind your future self. Identity is a crucial part of who you are, and in recent studies and experimentation researchers have been trying to identify new, untested factors that influence behavior in people. Although, in the past there hasn’t been a strong focus on the positive and negative effects of race and ethnicity, the conversation is now shifti ng to align itself with theRead MoreRace, Ethnicity, Art and Film Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyze race relations, ethnicity and how art and film relates to these social issues in their cultural context. Art and film have played vital roles in advocating for a society free of ethnicity and racism. Using vivid descriptions and evidence of both text and a movie this paper seeks to relate accordingly the concerned issues and factors affecting these social vices. It will demonstrate race and ethnic tendencies in diverse cultural contexts. As a demographic phenomenon, ethnicity is belongingRead More Race and Ethnicity According to Anthropologists Essay1797 Words   |  8 PagesRace and Ethnicity According to Anthropologists Examining the ideas and beliefs within ones own cultural context is central to the study of Anthropology. Issues of Race and Ethnicity dominate the academic discourses of various disciplines including the field of Anthropology. Race and Ethnicity are controversial terms that are defined and used by people in many different ways. This essay shall explore the ways in which Anthropologists make a distinction between race and ethnicity and how theseRead MoreEducational Institution Effects on Race and Ethnicity621 Words   |  2 PagesINSTITUTION EFFECTS ON RACE ETHNICITY Race and ethnicity are usually used interchangeably, however they are not same. Ethnicity is described by the group on the basis of family history, national foundation, and forefathers. Ethnicity cannot transform, although elements of a particular ethnic group’s community can transform. Race is a term that attempts to categorize human beings into distinct groups by their Phenotypes according to skin color, eye color, etc. All over the history, race has been usually

Just Shy of Mediocre - 835 Words

Writing has never been my strongest talent. I can enjoy writing a paper or story, but that is usually when it is not assigned to me. I have always felt that my assigned papers read like they are forced. I think I am a poor writer and my skills are very unfinished. I feel that I am competent in organizing my papers and thoughts. However, I have never been able to structure sentences correctly. This makes me a poor proofreader as well. My first essay was graded down largely for my sentence structure. My proofreader has told me that I often end sentences in propositions. Citations are new to me. I never had to write papers with sources in high school, and had never heard of MLA until college. As of now, I still need a lot of help with sources and citation. All sources cited this semester required the help of my professor to ensure they were done correctly. I feel like I write too loosely. My voice is strong in my papers and that can lead to a sloppy portrayal of my topic. I don’t consider my audience as a formal interaction. My papers often seem to speak directly to the person I know will be reading the paper. I need to work on addressing more than one with my writing. This is to blame when I realize how many times I’ve placed the word â€Å"you† in a paper. This has been in all five of the first essays this semester. This problem comes from my lack of experience with writing. It has always been a casual process for me. I have never, to this day, had to write a term paper orShow MoreRelatedIs Education A Good Or Bad?954 Words   |  4 PagesYou learn something new in everything you do. Whether it’s surfing the internet or getting your first job. If you don’t look to learn something then you’re going to end up going to a website you shouldn’t be on or getting fired from your job. If you just expect to skate through life rather than learn something from every lesson life throws at you. You’re not going to lear n anything at all. What are you going to tell your future children? How will you afford to put a roof over their heads? Or food onRead MoreReflection Paper755 Words   |  4 Pagesteacher greatly shaped me as well as my reading and writing skills today, it did not come without drawbacks when I transferred to a public school for the first time. Highschool was the first time that I attended public school. This is when I discovered just how much personal accountability it would take to stay on top of all the essays and Shakespeare worksheets not to mention the other three teachers that expected I complete their assigned homework every night. Needless to say the grades got worse andRead MoreThe Most Valuable Characteristics Of Leadership933 Words   |  4 Pagesaccumulating. There are decisions to be made and actions to be taken, but this time Superman is not around to save the day. Who will step in? Only a true leader can leap into hectic situations and handle the pressure with equan imity. We don’t look to mediocre talent to solve problems, but rather we gaze upon the godly characteristics that a leader possesses. Finding a leader is not like playing a game of â€Å"Where’s Waldo?†, but rather it’s more like watching a blazing firework illuminate the dark sky. TheRead MoreFreires Banking Model and My Goals for Education893 Words   |  4 Pageslife my parents were in charge of my education and they generally selected schools for me which were considered good located in safe neighborhoods and with reasonably satisfactory test scores for the school at large. Schools like that generally mediocre and run of the mill thrive on the banking model of education and believe that the students job is to learn facts via memorization and then regurgitate it for the next quiz, only to forget it and then regurgitate it for the final exam. This typeRead MoreShort Story841 Words   |  4 PagesThere once was a boy named Mac, Mac didn’t have a ny friends outside of school because he was always to shy to ask other children with and his family was too busy to notice. He was so bored sitting around with no one else to share his life with. Nothing to do, no one to do it with. He was all alone just playing in his basement, watching the occasional television. It was miserable. â€Å"Hmmmm I need a friend, a companion, a pet maybe?† he asked himself. Right away he went to the pet store to get thisRead MoreI Didn t Start Playing A Kid874 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many discourse communities that I am affiliated with, however I think basketball is the most developing community I’ve ever belonged to. Just like any sport, many individuals learn how to play as a kid. Most participate recreationally, while others participate competitively with their peers. I didn’t start playing competitive until I was in middle school. The coach enabled me to become a part of this discourse community. Once I made the team I was a valued member of that community. ThereRead MoreMy Literary Analysis On The Black Girl919 Words   |  4 Pagesdoesn’t really say much about their races. However, I would like to point out, earlier Twyla’s mother was described as dressing inappropriately, while Roberta’s mother seemed to be more on the cons ervative side, and Christian, and very religious too, not just one who says her religion but does not practice. The fact that the tables have somewhat turned, makes for good evidence that the way they turned out was not because of their race. They both move on and end up getting married and after they have theirRead MoreHealth Care Pros And Cons888 Words   |  4 Pagesof the fact that U.S. social insurance spending is exceptionally wasteful, little proof it subtracts from expenditures on different merchandise and ventures. In U.S dollars, social insurance spending was $9,086 per capita in the U.S. in 2013, versus just $4,569 in Canada. (These costs are accounted for at acquiring power equality, which alters the outside money trade rates for contrasts in average cost for essential items) (Karen E. Lasser; David U., 2014). At twofold the per capita cost of CanadianRead MoreCharacter Analysis in Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller785 Words   |  4 Pageswillingly deluded by the fantasy of what he might have been or what his sons might have become and the mediocre reality of the way life actually is for the Loman family. Arthur Miler’s â€Å"Death of a Salesman† portrays the shattered relationships hidden inside a fallacy of grandeur that a father has with his two sons. Biff is home for a visit and is talking with his brother, Happy in their room just as they did when they were young boys. Willy has come home prematurely from a business trip and isRead MoreMohandas Karamchand Gandhi s Independence Movement1355 Words   |  6 Pageswas the favorite child of the family, they gave him a nickname, ‘Moniya’. Moniya adored his mother a lot. He loved his father too, but he was a little afraid of him. Mohandas very seldom stays at home as a child, he likes to play outside, he would just go home to eat his meals and then continue again playing outside. When one of his siblings tease or playfully pull his ear, he would run home to complain to his mother. He never hit back his siblings whatever they do him. (Life Story of Mahatma Gandhi

Life stage Free Essays

string(117) " child is sure of himself and self-esteems himself in a positive light as against withdrawing into himself in shame\." Psychodrama counseling and therapy Involves a number of Important elements, which perhaps Is what makes the psychodrama approach more and more interesting to those who go on developing in their work. (E. G. We will write a custom essay sample on Life stage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Erik Erosion’s work on life stages and the object relation theory) While in no sense wishing to undervalue the importance of basic listening and responding skills, nor the centrality of a positive therapeutic relationship, the ongoing experience of working with people leads to more and more thirst for understanding how and why different personalities unction differently, why people think, feel and behave the way they do (Jacobs Michael, 1998). – Consider deleting the above. Our experiences and the world around us daily confront us with the fact that effects have causes. Erosion’s work on the theory of psychosocial stages of development and Melanie Kelvin’s contributions in the Object Relations Theory will be focus of my discussion In the first part of this work. Erikson emphasizes that personality develops in a predetermined order and build upon previous stages of development – the epigenetic principle. He holds that the ego successfully develops when it is able to strictly resolve problems that are socially related. With Klein, the early stages of life are very strategic in the nature of the child’s unconscious phantasm visit-a-visit its interaction with the world of reality. This period, she holds, forms the basis for the later development of more complex states of mental life. Erik Erosion’s Theory of Life Stages While Freud puts great emphasis on the id and its conflicting interaction with the superego, Erikson talks about the ego and its interaction with the socio-cultural environment. Erosion’s model is a combination of â€Å"psychosocial† and â€Å"psychosocial† elements. There can sometimes be an attempt to overcome the human tendency to mistake what can be submitted to established techniques for the true nature of things. – Consider deleting. In his opinion, healing always calls for a holistic attitude that does not argue with established factors but to attempt to Include them In a wider context of some enlightening quality. (Erikson Erik, Erosion’s historical experiences Influenced his assumption that â€Å"a human being’s existence depends at every moment on three necessary and complementary processes† (Erikson, 1997). These processes are: The biological process – the functional connectivity of the efferent organs that constitute the human body (soma). The psychic process – the function of the psyche which Is responsible for the Individual’s experience In the form of the ego synthesis (psyche) and, The communal process – which is about the cultural organization of the interdependence of persons (ethos). There is a symphony among these processes that bring about holistic human event. Hence, any form of failure or the isolation of any one part of the three processes results in somatic tension. In view of the indispensability this Interdependence – the organisms principle, Erikson maintains that the process Is Inevitable grounding of the In his description, epigenetic refers to the probability that all growth and development follow analogous patterns. In the epigenetic sequence of development, each organ has its time of origin. (Erikson, 1997) According the epigenetic principle, we develop through a predetermined unfolding of personality, which occurs in eight stages. This principle emphasizes the importance of each organ developing properly at the appropriate stage. He writes that (Erikson, 1997) â€Å"If the organ misses its time of ascendancy, it is not only doomed as an entity, it endangers at the same time the hole hierarchy of organs, â€Å"Not only does the arrest of a rapidly budding part tend to suppress its development temporarily, but the premature loss of supremacy to some other renders it impossible for the suppressed part to come again into dominance so that it is permanently modified. † Improper development gives rise to detrimental situations. For instance, it could force a child into adulthood. One idea that calls to mind here is the sometimes misapplication of the concept of â€Å"responsible person† in some societies. Children are passively or actively forced to take up great responsibilities which, given their extent f experience and maturity, are not befitting of their age. Thus, the natural process of psychic development is truncated. The possible consequence of such a marred process, lacking in the right support or experience, is maladaptive behavior patterns or malignant behaviors. In a normal physical and emotional development, the individual is faced with tasks that generate in them a trust-mistrust way of relating to their environment. Erikson argues that a balanced form of learning rests on how, say the trust-mistrust elements are managed by the ego. He holds that (Erikson, 1997), â€Å"How, after birth, the maturing organism continues to unfold, by growing playfully and by developing a prescribed sequence of physical, cognitive, and social capacities- all that is described in the literature of child development †¦ If properly guided, can be trusted to conform to the epigenetic laws of development as they now create a succession of potentialities for significant interaction with a growing number of individuals and with the mores that govern them†. Hence, the individual stands the chance of growing psychologically stronger insofar as they are given the appropriate support at each stage of development by the key persons. Erosion’s psychosoc ial theory considers the impact of external factors, like parents and the society, has on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle. 1. Infancy: 0-18 Months Old/Trust versus Mistrust. The right amount of feeding and care is pretty much the determinant factor at this stage. Erikson emphasizes that if the infant is well fed and cared for, it will develop a healthy balance between trust and mistrust. This however excludes over-indulgence mistrust. On the other hand, infants who grow up to trust are more able to hope and eve faith that ‘things will generally be okay’. 2. Muscular – Anal: 18 Months-arrears: Autonomy v Shame. At this stage, a sense of independence of thought, basic confidence to think and act for oneself begins to generate. During this stage the well-cared for child is sure of himself and self-esteems himself in a positive light as against withdrawing into himself in shame. You read "Life stage" in category "Life" At this stage, defiance, temper, tantrums, and stubbornness can also appear. At this period, children tend to be vulnerable. Besides being shrouded in shame, they are also impacted upon by low self-esteem if they become aware of their inability to learn certain skills. Locomotors: 3-6 Years – Initiative versus Guilt. At this stage the child develops a sense of responsibility which increases their ability to use their initiative. During this stage they experience the desire to copy the adults around them and take initiative in creating play opportunities. They also start to explore the world around them, asking the â€Å"why-questions†. Guilt and sense of inferiorit y result from being admonished or when there is a belief that something is wrong or likely to attract disapproval. At this stage the relationship with the family is very significant. 4. Latency: 6-12 Years – Industry versus Inferiority. Here, the child develops the capability of learning social skills that the society requires of them. There is a strong desire to acquire numerous new skills and to acquire knowledge, which helps them to develop industriously. If for any reason there is stagnation, the child may experience feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among their peers. They can have serious problems in terms of competence and self esteem. Here competency is the virtue to strike the balance. 5. Adolescence: 12-18 Years- Identity versus Role Confusion. In adolescence, some form of conflict between struggling to belong to a particular group, being accepted ND affirmed by the group, exists in young people, amidst the desire to also become individuals. This in itself is a big dilemma for them. It is mostly in the early part of this stage that pubic consciousness sets in. 6. Young Adult: 19-30 Years: Intimacy versus Isolation. Young adulthood is the middle stage of adolescence and the concern at this stage of development centers around issues of independence from parental influence, and moving towards autonomy and self-direction. There is also the desire for economic independence. Hence, in order to chart a career path, striving to make the most of homeless in the best possible way. 7. Middle Adult 30-65 Years: Generatively versus Stagnation. The adult person concern at this stage is to embark on projects that will outlast him; leaving legacies could be having children or establishing projects that will benefit others in the society. It can be making one’s mark in the scheme of affairs in the world. Simply, it is to make better the world around us by actively caring for others according to one’s capability. Generative feelings contrast with those of stagnation in that in the latter, the individual think of themselves as unproductive and uninvolved in the world round them. Stagnation evokes feelings of disconnect with their environment and failure to improve their life or the society in which the live. Thus, it is a stage whereby to find a sense of purpose and identity informs every experimentation that the adult embarks on. In sum, it is a lasting self image-making adventurous stage in life and in some ways, linkable with the first stage. 8. Maturity/Late Adulthood 65-Death: Ego Integrity versus Despair. This is the stage of stock taking of how one lived their life. It is a moment when thoughts of a productively lived life are rewarded with feelings of fulfillment and integrity on count of one’s industrious involvements in the world around them. Or it could be a time of regret and despair for misused opportunities upon reflecting on their experiences and failures. Those who feel proud about themselves indicate they have lived accomplished life hence they associate integrity and satisfaction to themselves. Not having much to regret about their life, they can attain wisdom even when confronting death. The unaccomplished person will feel they have wasted their lifetime and are thus left in bitterness and despair. Nonetheless, these stages are however not set in stone. Though certain issues are nonfood to a particular stage, some others which seem to be pertinent to particular periods can surface at any other time. They are not always resolved by passing through the one stage alone. They could sometimes remain a concern throughout life. Jacobs Michael 1998) OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY: In Fraud’s psychoanalysis, the term, â€Å"object† is employed to designate the target of all drives. The object in Fraud’s view is a means through which gratification can either be obtained or denied. Object in Fraud’s psychology is secondary for the reason that it does not form part of the constitutive nature of drives. But with Melanie Klein, elation’s to object are very central to her psychoanalysis, for in her views, it constitutes the fabric of the self. In her contributions in the object relations theory, she explains the nature of the child’s unconscious phantasm concerning its mother’s â€Å"inside†, which is populated by varieties of organs and babies. She argues that this phantasm is carried on in earlier months of life, but at this time, it is about the child’s â€Å"inside† or its internal presence which is populated by body parts substances and people etc. As development progresses, the child’s experiences with objects in its environment and significant there are internally represented in images. According to Stephen A. Mitchell, (1981, 2), Klein holds that the state of one’s internal object world forms the basis of their relations with internal and external objects, as well as the drives, closely bound together, constitute the crucial determinant of the most important psychical process. Klein argues that internal objects are inherent in the child and prior to experience. As development progresses the child’s images of objects gradually take on aspects of the real object they represent in the world. The desire to find the real representation f these earliest internal images in relation to a child’s environment informs its loving or hateful drives. Klein posits a somewhat similar idea of death instinct in further explanation of the inherent, fantastic early object, as does Freud. She argues that, immediately following birth, the child feels within itself, a threat to its life and this must take place if it is to survive. This is seen in the cry which a child gives off at birth. She holds that the child’s first experience of an object in the internal or external world at this point grows out of perceptual misinterpretation of some foreign object whose purpose is to annihilate the child. This sort of experience, Klein explains, accounts for subsequent frustration of bodily needs, physical sensations, tension and discomfort in life. Conversely, pleasurable sensations are attributed to good forces. Klein holds that a child has no sense of self or any rational mind, amidst huge and unmediated feelings. The mother is psychologically the child’s ego and the means of dealing with these feelings. She argues that (1957, 248), â€Å"†¦ The infant has an innate unconscious awareness of the existence of the mother this instinctual knowledge s the basis for the infant’s primal relation to his mother. † Hence, having a great mother has a huge impact on the wellbeing and development of the child, as well as its psychosis later in life. In contrast to Fraud’s emphasis on the intra-psychic conflict of sexual drives, Klein, emphasis is on the breast. For her, the object of the mother- baby relationship is all about the breast. In place of libidinal drives, she posits aggressive drives as the force of the object of a child’s relations to its creating environment. Thus, the breast is no less an object for the child as do its mother and father. Object relations theory is largely maternal in approach because it stresses the foundational impact of the intimacy and nurturing of the mother on the child. The relations aspect of Kelvin’s theory points to the nature of the structure of interpersonal relationships. This structure can be usefully employed in exploring and tracing what and how experiences might be the cause of present psychosis. â€Å"CAN WE EVER LEAVE THE PAST BEHIND†? The relationship between the present and the past is a fascinating one. The idea that the past influences the present can be argued for based on the principle of cause and effect. According to Jacob Michael (1998) â€Å"Older philosophical thinking used this as one of the arguments for the existence of God: that wherever there is an effect, there must be a cause; since behind every cause there must be another, this sequence extends into infinity until the prime cause is reached†. Occasional allusions to insights of some psychologists At a very general level, in the human society is indubitable that civic policies and laws take their shape and form from experiences of the past. Much so, it is with human behavior in all its complexities. Past experiences can act as stabilizing and purporting scripts in fluence on the trajectory of a present lifestyle. The extent to which this is exclusively true cannot be wholly guaranteed, however. It may also be that suppressing past conflicts is much more pragmatic for some others, and presents a rather fluid ways of managing the present, only that such approach leaves one a prisoner of an unresolved past until it is attended to. It is worth noting that, however one decides to suppress the past, certain events in the present will somehow unravel it. The bereavement experiences of a friend whose mother passed away is one of many examples that calls to mind which demonstrates that past experiences impact on present. Rose, the first child and only sister of five brothers developed a strong bond with her mother. The mother, for her represented her other self. Hence, she was an integral part of Rose development as a human being. The extent of the relationship was such that, now that her mother is no more, Rose finds life rather â€Å"meaningless and worthless to live†. From our discussions, I can deduce and summaries her feelings thus, â€Å"The pillar on which she leant, having now fallen, portends a threat or imaginable discomfort to her continued existence. † Two points seemed operative in the deep bonding that Rose had with her late mother. First, she is the only daughter and had been taught by her mother on how to be domesticated as is generally and proudly the natural character of African women. As a hardworking and industrious woman her mother remained a model for her. Secondly, to be a first child in the African setting, one gradually develops a sense of responsibility to looking after their younger ones. Of course, Rose as a social being needed to relate and share with someone with whom she found compatible. She was more naturally inclined towards her mother, being the only woman in the family. Though she has friends, her mother was top in her list. She grew to understand what it meant to be loved, supported and to be a responsible woman from her mother. Now that her heroine is no more, Rose is at the stage where she feels an abysmal hollow in her life such that deflecting its impact and projecting her mother’s fugue into her environment is indeed a struggle, having recognized that, she nevertheless, has to find a way to continue to live. How to make best of the â€Å"here and now’ is a challenge that confronts her. Thus, to break away from the deeply grafted emotional attachment to her mother is indeed a huge challenge. Thus, on the question of â€Å"can we ever leave the past behind†, and based on the instances of Rose’s present condition, I will state that it is somewhat of a difficult a thing to do, depending on how our relationship is impacting on us at a given time. Discussions that we had, I kept the principle of â€Å"triangle of insight† in view while making my inputs Just so that a possible link might be made between the developmental patterns of the images of her internal and those of her external oral; the past and the present. No matter what the content of our past is, it is well worth our while to approach it with an open mind. This can either help us to understand how our past consciously or unconsciously interferes with our present or how to make best of a not-so-good condition. Rose understands that she needs to get on with life. It is the how of it that is the real task. She needs facing the inevitable with confidence and with a degree of mental and physical independence. Hence, she needs embarking on resolving her past by taking up the tough task of emotional attachment from her late intimate friend, less her physical discomfort in all its forms persist and her instinct for life remains threatened. From Rose’s story, I gathered that her mother represented more of a trust figure, while others were somewhat of mistrust figures. She experienced a great deal of protection from her late mother that she so thought of herself as being fragile. Rose’s intimacy with her mother appeared not to have given her the opportunity to develop a much healthier relationship with her peers (Erikson). That being the case, she is now faced with the challenge of establishing a trusting relationship with others. As much as she cherishes the memory of her mother, she must be careful not to allow her qualities have an overbearing effect on her inevitable adventure, less it will be difficult to establish the degree of trust that her moving on in life needs. Conclusion: The past is in some way informative of who we are, how and why we relate to others the way we do. And so, looking into the past is very necessary but we need to be careful as not to become stuck in it or too Judgmental about ourselves or past history; for there is always something to take from the past in order to meaningfully chart the resent course of life. Rose can only come to terms with the fact that her mother is no more, it is impossible that she will leave her memories and friendship behind. On the basis of the foregoing instances, my position is that it is impossible to completely leave the past behind. Klein, Melanie, (1957) ‘Our Adult World and its Roots in Infancy in Envy and Gratitude and Other Works, London: Hogwash, Mitchell, Stephen, (1981), The Origin and Nature of the â€Å"Object† in the Theories of Klein and Birdbrain. Contempt. Psychoanalyst. 17: 74-398, Accessed June 06, 2014, g:mom. How to cite Life stage, Essays

Previously Wound Up Or Liquidated Company -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Disuses About The Previously Wound Up Or Liquidated Company? Answer: Introducation Theoretically, phoenix activity stems from the idea of a new organisation rising from the ashes of a previously wound up or liquidated company; the new company maintains the same nature of business and controllers(Anderson, O'Connell, Welsh, Withers, 2014). Phoenix activity can be legal or illegal; where an organisation fails but on resurrection maintains its worth, employee entitlements and other financial obligations to creditors then this is considered as legal Phoenix activity. However, engaging in calculated, and at times predictably repeated, liquidation in order to evade tax and other financial obligations is considered illegal phoenix activity(Fair Work Ombudsman, 2012). As such, whereas not all Phoenix companies are fraudulent, those formed with the intent to deceive employees and creditors are categorised as fraudulent and as such engage in illegal phoenix activity(Margret Peck, 2015). Societal benefits of Phoenix Activity Phoenix activity can be socially beneficial where a company is able to genuinely reinvent itself after failure. The benefit arises from the maintenance of employment, and services which in themselves contribute to the general economic growth of the society. Further, phoenix activity, also known as phoenixing, allows for efficiency in that the large transactions costs that would accompany an insolvency process are mitigated as a business core structure; customers, employees, suppliers and assets, are maintained(Roach, 2010). However, where the element of deceit to evade taxes and other financial obligations comes into play; Phoenix activity becomes a costly socio economic affair. Fair Work Australia in a recent report estimates that illegal phoenix activity costs the economy well over three billion dollars annually(ASIC, 2013). The objective of phoenix activity With regard to purpose, there is a dearth of literature exploring the underlying motivations of phoenix activity; it may be driven by the desire to protect a particular class of stakeholders, the desire to gain competitive advantage or the need to survive(Matthew, 2015). Legitimate Phoenix activity serves to allow for the continuity of responsibly managed organisations after experiencing genuine business failure. On the other, illegal phoenix activity merely serves as a means of generating personal wealth or creating an unfair competitive advantage for fraudulent directors and business controllers(Australian Government, 2009). Beneficiaries and losers of phoenix activity Phoenix activity affects various stakeholders within the industry. It affects the directors, shareholders, the business community or industry in question, employees, creditors, suppliers or contractors, the government and the economy at large(ATO, 2017). Directors who engage in phoenix activity benefit by way of gaining a competitive advantage over other organisations within the same industry, this is a creation of wealth. However, employees and creditors are likely to lose the most where Phoenix activity occurs; employees can lose employment, wages as well as other benefits such as superannuation which may have accrued prior to liquidation of the company. Creditors, on the other hand, are likely to be left with a company that lacks assets which can be used to recover what is owed to them. Additionally, governments lose a source of revenue with which to drive development in the community by way of service delivery; that is, construction and maintenance of hospitals, roads, education facilities among others. Further, as previously mentioned, phoenix activity is costly to the Australian economy. Reports estimate approximately three billion is lost through Phoenix activity annually; this is by way of tax evasion as well as lost wages which contribute to a loss of revenue(ASIC, 2013). Evidently, legitimate Phoenix activity is of great benefit as it allows an organisation the opportunity to reinvent itself and contribute to economic growth. However, where dishonesty and deceit come to play, only the fraudulent player's benefit and the larger society stands to lose significantly. Statutory prohibitions for phoenix activity Australian legislation, that is the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), fails to expressly define or prohibit for Phoenix activity(Harley, 2014). The Corporations Act 2001 lacks specific provisions that would make Phoenix activity illegal. However, the Act highlights directors duties under ss 180-183 breach of which would accounting to illegal phoenix activity. Statutory breach by phoenix activity As aforementioned, whereas the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) lacks specific provisions with regard to illegal phoenix activity, breach of various duties covered by the act by company directors would amount to fraudulent phoenix activity and as such elicit legal penalties. These obligations are provided for under ss 180-184 of the Act; additionally, the Act accords the Australian Securities Investments Commission (ASIC) power to liquidate abandoned companies as a precautionary measure to illegal phoenix activity. With this in mind, Phoenix activity may lead to a breach of the directors duty of care and diligence as provided for under s 180 of the Act 2001 (Cth). This is a civil obligation that requires company directors to exercise a reasonable degree of care and diligence while executing their company duties. In this regard, any decision made on matters relevant to company operations must be taken in good faith and for a proper purpose; that is, they should be in the best interest of the organisation and not a materialisation of personal interest. Additionally, according to s 184, where directors employ recklessness or intentional dishonesty in the execution of their duties they are in breach of their duty to exercise good faith and stand liable for a criminal offence. Using their position dishonestly with the objective of gaining personal interest amounts to a breach of duty; as previously stated, dishonesty and self-interest are distinctive features of illegal phoenix activity. Case study on phoenix activity Various cases in Australian law provide examples of phoenix activity; Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) v Somerville Ors [2009] NSWSC is one such recent case that has set precedence in this legal area. The issue in question was whether t directors and a solicitor, Mr Somerville, were in breach of statutory obligations and liable for asset stripping or Phoenix activity after engaging in the restructuring of several businesses that were experiencing financial challenges. Mr Somerville had advised several company directors to restructure their failing companies by forming a new company and selling the old companys assets to the new one. The terms of restructuring included a transfer of assets, essential property, plant and equipment, termination and re-employment of staff and issue of new shares. However, outstanding liabilities were left under the old company; as such any creditors would lack assets to lay claim of what was owed to them. As such, the directors were able to preserve company assets without previous company liabilities. The Court, in its determination, found the directors in breach of their statutory obligations outlined under ss 181-183 of the Corporations Act 2001 (NSW). The Court was also convinced that Mr Somerville, as an advisor, had aided the directors in the breaches mentioned above. The directors, with the aid of their solicitor, had engaged in phoenix activity, business known as asset stripping which amounted to breach of duty. The impact of prohibiting Phoenix activity Three things reign true with regard to Phoenix activity; firstly there is no acclaimed definition, legislation does not provide an express offence and finally, restructuring businesses after failure is a recognised and accepted business activity in so far as statutory obligations are observed(Anderson, 2015). In as much as there is no specific prohibition or offence, there is an array of provisions in legislation that aim to combat improper conduct by company directors that would lead to phoenix activity. These can be found in the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) as well as the Taxation Administration Act which provide penalty as well as disqualification provisions for directors(Anderson, Hedges, Ramsay, Welsh, 2017). A significant amount of scholars believe that regulators are well equipped with the current provisions to combat phoenix activity. However, the estimated cost of phoenix activity to the Australian economy, as aforementioned, intimates that this activity is still prevalent a nd much remains to be done. Proponents believe that an express Phoenix offence would transmit an educative message to directors and advisors in company matters thus increasing commitment to compliance with duties(Anderson, Hedges, Ramsay, Welsh, 2017). Compliance with the law is driven by three factors which could either be normative, calculated or social. Where one relies on their internalized values or moral reasoning to comply with the law, they are said to be normatively motivated to comply. Compliance, in this case, is influenced by social perceptions towards the behaviour in question. As such, express prohibition of a certain activity increases its perception as immoral and thus motivates compliance. In the same regard, social as well as calculated factors also support the proposal to adopt a Phoenix prohibition. Based on this ideology, scholars argue that a Phoenix prohibition or offence is likely to be more successful as a deterrent over current legislative provisions. Additionally, the lack of a specific offence plays a role in the existing loopholes and inconsistencies in available data on phoenix activity. Without a specific definition and a specific offence, researchers cannot conclusively quantify the incidence, enforcement or cost of fraudulent phoenix activity(Keating, 2015). The current data paints a dim picture of Australian Phoenix activity, thousands of companies are estimated to engage in illegal phoenix activity annually, however, conclusive figures cannot be drawn as there is no express criteria against which to test company activities. In this regard, it is evident that a specific Phoenix activity offence or prohibition could aid in conclusively defining and identifying the vice and as such make efforts in combating it more efficient and effective. However, various challenges lie in the creation of a Phoenix offence or prohibition. Firstly is the risk of penalising legitimate phoenix activity. This is because; creating a prohibition would require outlining a comprehensive definition for phoenix activity. The challenge here lies in the fact that scholars believe that no definition can fully encompass all the elements and characteristics of illegal or fraudulent phoenix activity(Anderson, Ramsay, Welsh, Hedges, 2017). This is evinced in the current array of definitions available for the term which, though comprehensive in their own right, are faced with various shortcomings. A broad description would likely risk encompassing legitimate activity while a specific definition would risk leaving out various aspects allowing for avoidance through the underlying loopholes in enforcement. Additionally, attempts to create Phoenix liability through legislation that focuses on the aspect of similar names has also proved limiting. The underlying objective in this regard would be to hold directors accountable for financial obligations owed by a company with similar name pre liquidation(Anderson, Ramsay, Welsh, Hedges, 2017). However, this approach also falls victim to various shortcomings in that, where a new name is adopted the approach would be inapplicable. Legislation in this area could easily encompass legitimate restructuring and could also easily be avoided by directors who intend to adopt Phoenix activity for fraudulent gain. The discourse above prevents a compelling case both for and against Phoenix activity prohibition by way of legislation. Stakeholders would experience positive and negative consequences alike should a specific provision be adopted. However, it is evident that the negative impact of creating an offence or prohibition outweigh the positive arguments outlined above. This is because setting out specific legislation puts directors who adopt Phoenix activity for the legitimate restructuring of their organisation at risk of facing penalties and subsequently creates loopholes for deliberate perpetrators to exploit. As such, guided by research, it is evident that creating a specific prohibition or offence for Phoenix activity would be more harmful than successful. Structure of a Phoenix offence or prohibition In the event that a Phoenix offence or prohibition is adopted, the provision must satisfy various criteria in order to be successful. These criteria collectively aid in the establishment of a structure for a Phoenix offence or prohibition whose enforcement is successful in deterring harmful behaviour. In developing this structure, the research has considered the aforementioned successes and limitations on current legislation affecting phoenix activity. This also includes an analysis of scholarly opinions as to the most effective methods for combating phoenix activity. Firstly, it is important that the structure of the offence constitutes a comprehensive definition of illegal or fraudulent phoenix activity(Anderson, 2015). The definition provided should be broad enough to encompass all harmful aspects of phoenix activity all while remaining specific to illegal phoenix activity and avoiding or excluding elements of legitimate phoenix activity. As recognised in the discourse above, defining Phoenix activity is crucial to any efforts in monitoring, estimating and combating it. As such, a proper definition will serve as a significant feature of the offence structure and a key contributing factor to the success of the legislation. The definition mentioned above outlines the prohibited conduct which is a key component of any offence. In addition to this, the prohibition or offence should also consider the element of mental intent; that is the intention. Currently, the concept of intention is outlined in the general duties of directors provided for under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). A successful Phoenix offence provision should include intention; studies show that phoenix activity is considered illegal or fraudulent where the intent to deceive is evident. The prohibition or offence should expressly include this element within its structure. The Phoenix offence structure should also comprise of criteria that allow stakeholders; that is administrators, employees, creditors, regulators among others, to detect Phoenix activity(Anderson, Ramsay, Welsh, Hedges, 2017). This criterion is derived from the definition set within the offence structure. A recognised set of criteria or elements attributable to Phoenix activity aid stakeholders in monitoring Phoenix activity within their organisation thus serving as a protective or precautionary measure. Additionally, it allows for improved data collection which in essence promotes estimation and analysis of costs and other aspects of phoenix activity. Further, the structure of the offence should comprise of stringent deterrent measures and sanctions for breach of duty that would constitute Phoenix activity. These measures should clearly outline the role and powers of liquidators and administrators during the liquidation process. Available civil penalties should be increased and criminal penalties introduced so as to further deter fraudulent directors from asset stripping. This structure should further include provisions that remove the benefit of phoenix activity to as to further curb the vice. Additionally, in order to be successful, the Phoenix offence structure must include a detailed enforcement strategy or policy. That is, having outlined the rules and available penalties, the prohibition should highlight how offences will be dealt with and the relevant bodies responsible for monitoring, estimating, determining and prosecuting Phoenix offences. A clear enforcement policy ensures efficiency in the combat against illegal phoenix activity. In conclusion, the prohibition or offence structure should illuminate the basic elements of any offence; the prohibited activity and the element of intent. Additionally, it should outline elements that would aid stakeholders in identifying phoenix activity; this should begin with a comprehensive definition. Further, the prohibition or offence should also include deterrent measures by way of penalties and finally enforcement policies to ensure its success. References Anderson, H. (2015). Phoenix Activity- A Context not a Crime. Australian Insolvency Journal, 35. Anderson, H., Hedges, J., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M. (2017). Illegal Phoenix Activity: Is a 'Phoenix Prohibition' the Solution? Corporate Law Teachers Association Annual Conference (pp. 1-26). Melbourne University. Anderson, H., O'Connell, A., Welsh, M., Withers, H. (2014). Defining and Profiling Phoenix Activity. Melbourne: Melbourne Law School. Anderson, H., Ramsay, I., Welsh, M., Hedges, J. (2017). Phoenix Activity: Recommendations on Detection, Disruption and Enforcement. Melbourne: Melbourne Law School, Monash Business School. ASIC. (2013, November 4). Small business management-illegal phoenix activity. Retrieved from Australian Securities Investments Commission: https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/small-business/compliance-for-small-business/small-business-illegal-phoenix-activity/ ATO. (2017, July 25). Illegal Phoenix activity. Retrieved from Australian Tax Office: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/The-fight-against-tax-crime/Our-focus/Illegal-phoenix-activity/ Australian Government. (2009). Action against fraudulent phoenix activity. Commonwealth of Australia. Fair Work Ombudsman. (2012). Phoenix activity: Sizing the problem and matching solutions. PWC. Harley, M. (2014, September 14). Australia: Latent defects in Phoenix legislation. Retrieved from Mondaq: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/338654/Corporate+Commercial+Law/Latent+defects+in+phoenix+legislation Keating, E. (2015, October 20). Lack of rules and data about Phoenix activity compounds the problem. Retrieved from Smart Company: https://www.smartcompany.com.au/business-advice/legal/lack-of-rules-and-data-about-phoenix-activity-compounds-the-problem-research/ Margret, J. E., Peck, G. (2015). Fraud in Financial Statements. London: Routledge. Matthew, A. (2015). The Conundrum of Phoenix Activity: Is Further Reform Necessary. business Law Teachers Association (CLTA) Conference. Melbourne: Melbourne Law School. Roach, M. (2010). Combating the Phoenix Phenomenon: An Analysis of International Approaches. eJournal of Tax Research, 90-127.

What Is Curriculum free essay sample

According to Portfolio, more than 120 definitions of the term appear in the professional literature devoted to curriculum, presumably because authors are concerned about either delimiting what the term means or establishing new meaning that have become associated with it (as cited in Marsh, 2009). They range from basic definitions, What we actually teach (Schmoozer, 2011) to more complex and multifaceted definitions. Leslie O. Wilson writes: Anything and everything that teaches a lesson, planned or otherwise.Humans are born learning, thus the learned curriculum actually encompasses a combination of all of the below the hidden, null, written, political and societal etc Since students learn all the time through exposure and modeled behaviors, this means that they learn important social and emotional lessons from everyone who inhabits a school from the Janitorial staff, the secretary, the cafeteria workers, their peers, as well as from the deportment, conduct and attitudes expressed and modeled by their teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Curriculum? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As cited in Wilson, 2005) Although there are various definitions of the term, it must be recognized that auricular encompasses more than a simple definition. In spite of its elusive character, it is the writers opinion that curriculum is the set of prescribed guidelines mandated by a school, college, district, or state on what is deemed important for a student to learn in any given academic subject area. These guidelines are then used as the criteria for the completion of a certain level of education.This portion of the definition is especially relevant for high school and collegiate curriculum as the completion of the guidelines result in the acquisition of a degree, diploma, or artifice. It is also the writers opinion that curriculum consists of the total learned experiences one has inside and outside a given stage of academia. The first definition represents more of what curriculum actually is in schools today and the latter, what curriculum should include.In an attempt to defend the definition, it is important to look at both parts separately. With the current push toward common core state standards throughout the country, states are attempting to streamline what is taught in schools. The idea is that if everyone is consistent in what they are caching, all students will be equally prepared for college and the workplace. This translates to the development of a set of guidelines that are deemed most important for a student to learn. According to N. E.Stators, The majority of definitions given, however, tend to see curriculum as a document consisting more or less of the general aim, objectives, content, methodology, and methods of evaluation of an educational process (Stators, 2006). We have also seen this since the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (2001). Guidelines were set to schools and districts molded their curriculum to meet these guidelines. While many agree with the main concept of the act, some view these guidelines as unrealistic. Critics also argue that the act limits many schools curriculum development by only focusing on reading and math, giving the impression that the other subjects are not The second definition emphasizes that curriculum deals with the as important. Total learned experiences in and outside the school or institution. According to Allan Orenstein and Francis Hunks, curriculum deals with the learners experiences. By this definition, almost anything planned in or outside of school is part of curriculum (Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). This theory lends itself to a more flexible curriculum, where educators and students have more freedom in the direction the curriculum goes. A. V. Kelly also supports this theory and defines curriculum as the totality of the experiences the pupil has as a result of a provision made (as cited in Stators, 2006). As stated earlier, it is the writers opinion that this is the direction in which curriculum should move toward.The writer believes in avian structure in terms of what is taught but there is also a need for teachable moments which provides teachers and students with leeway to explore academically. Currently, curriculum is seen by many educators as a check list of learning objectives that must be completed in preparation for a particular assessment. Larry Cuban and Baffle Cohn say that, Certain subjects, such as reading and math, are emphasized at the expense of subject matter that has moral, creative, and emotional value (as cited in Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). Although there is retreat value in the creation of standard curriculum guidelines, there is also great value in an organic and creative learning process. Teachers and students both benefit when they have the freedom to explore and create their own learning paths using a standard curriculum as a guideline. Ronald Doll states, Every school has a planned, formal acknowledged curriculum, but it also has an unplanned, informal and hidden one that must be considered (as cited by Orenstein Hunks, 2013, p. ). Orenstein and Hunks further explain that, The planned, formal curriculum focuses n goals, objectives, subject matter, and organization of instruction; the unplanned, informal curriculum deals with psychopathology interaction among students and teachers, especially their feelings, attitudes, and behaviors (Orenstein Hunks, It would be an understatement to say that curriculum has many 2013, p. 9). Definitions.

How to Cite a Source and Why Citations are Important

How to Cite a Source and Why Citations are Important What is a Citati​on? A citation is something that you include in your writing when you use information provided by another person. The purpose of this is to give the other person fair credit for their work and insight. It is also to give readers information on the source you used, in case they want to do their own investigating. The particular way in which you cite a source depends on the citation format/style you are using, and how you are using the cited information. There will be more about that later as we discuss how to cite a source. Why is it Important to Cite Your Sources? In addition to giving your readers important information and giving proper intellectual credit, citing a source gives your paper additional credibility. The first and most obvious point is that you are not taking credit for another persons work. The second is that you backing your writing up with evidence and inviting your readers to verify what you have said. Then, there is the matter of academic honesty. Using another persons work and not giving them credit is plagiarism. It doesnt matter if you dont use any direct quotes. If you have an uncredited summary, you are at risk of being accused of plagiarism. What is the Best Way to Learn How to Cite Your Sources Several years ago, this advice would have been different. We would have advised students to simply buckle down and learn the various citation requirements for inline citations, works cited pages, footnotes, and bibliographies. This would have also included learning to write annotations. Today, this is no longer necessary. Modern technology has made it easy to figure out how to cite your work. Academic Databases and Citations When you log into an academic database, either your schools or an external database, and access an article to read you will be given information on how you are to cite that source. In many cases, you even have the option to select your citation format and you will be provided with the citation that you can simply copy and paste. Many articles that are stored on these databases also have notes in their text on how you should cite them. Scholarly Articles and Citations If you use a search engine to search for scholarly articles, you will often get the same results as you do when accessing an academic database. All of the work of writing the citation is done for you. All you need to do is copy and paste the citation in the proper space. Apps for Citing Sources Finally, there are many services available that will help you cite your sources. With these websites, all you need to do is find your service online, and they will format your citation for you. If you are using a hard copy of a source, you can scan the barcode, and a source will be created for you. How could things be any easier?

Carol Ann Duffys Mean Time

Carol Ann Duffy's Average Time Carol Ann Duffy's poetry Average Time is another way to lose love, change time and lose life itself. This poem is very personal and autobiographical for Duffy's life. It is almost the same as her poetry. Average time is based on mourning your lost love and when you awake one day you realize that it's not just time passed, regret seems meaningless but time also I steal my life It is your mourning regret. This contemporary Victorian poetry can also be compared with the Shakespearean sonnet and another contemporary Carroll Andhafi poem. Ann Hathaway plays a loving wife and an adventurous woman at Anne Hathaway's poet Anne Hathaway. Duffy 's way of demonstrating this is by her choosing the type of structure used in that poem. She became a rhyming crowd that could be thought of as resembling Shakespeare's Sonnet style, using a modified sonnet. After all, this couple almost imitates the style used in Shakespeare's sonnet. Because they always use rhyming coupl ets and end up with dramatic rhyming tuplets. Anne Hathaway was a wife of Shakespeare, so this sonnet style was being considered in her poem. Finally, using this rhyming phrase highlights the focus of her and his beloved poetry. Compare Carol Ann Duffy 's Valentine' s Day and Andrew Marvell with this mission 's niece and compare Carol Ann Duffy' s Lovers with Andrew Marvell 's To Coy Mistress. Valentine's Day written in this poem is the 20th century and speakers use onion as a metaphor for expressing her love. The poetry of giving his niece in the 17th century tells the poet that he is trying to persuade his lover to sleep with him. - The poetry of Andrew Marvel and John Donne is the era of beautiful poetry. In particular, the two poets, Andrew Marvell and John Donne, wrote a poem by Carpediem full of vivid images and metaphysical meditation. Everyone tells the message live for the present. This information can be clearly seen in Marvell and Donne's flea poem To the coy Mistress. Th rough clever metaphor and tools these poems are not only symbolic but also have physical features.

Environmental Impact of Balfour Beatty Company Term Paper

Environmental Impact of Balfour Beatty Company - Term Paper Example Considering the nature of activities carried out by this company such as infrastructure development and investment, and construction services, it contributes a lot towards environmental destruction. The three main negative environmental impacts contributed by this company include pollution, human and animal population displacement and destruction of natural habitat (COUNCIL OF EUROPE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY 2002). Pollution is the release of harmful substances to the environment which may be in different forms such as air, water, radioactive materials, soil, heat, and light. Emission of gaseous waste to the atmosphere has been caused by this company as a result of the fleet of cars owned by this company which emits carbon waste and sulfur compounds to the environment. These are as a result of the various new cars which are constantly on the roads to the construction sites. It is an estimated fact that most air pollution is caused by car emissions. Another way of increased carbon into the atmosphere by the company are the many construction plans which are distributed in the 80 countries, these industries release their waste to the atmosphere, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide. The lethal effects of carbon dioxide include the formation of smog which blocks sunlight from reaching the earth’s surface. This prevents the process of photosynthesis from taking place in plants, resulting in wilting. The destruction of the natural forest is a great worldwide concern as its effects lead to dire consequences (COUNCIL OF EUROPE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY 2002). Such emissions have contributed to global warming and formation of acid rain due to increased carbon levels in the atmosphere.  

The Benefits of Nuclear Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Benefits of Nuclear Power - Essay Example The Nuclear Power was the most significant innovation of the Twentieth Century and could potentially affect the Twenty First Century as much as any other innovation. Nuclear energy is commonly understood to the most practical alternative to electric generating power plants that burn coal for fuel. Nuclear powered plants, as a substitute for coal-burning plants, could play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The biggest test mankind faces in the Twenty First Century is reversing the cataclysmic effects of global warming caused by fossil fuel emissions and to combat the misperceptions of nuclear generated power from the extensive criticism it has been subjected to during the past three decades. If the world’s countries and people are serious about ending the burning of fossil fuels and stop the acceleration of global climate change, alternative fuels such as bio-fuel and renewable energy such as solar and wind power must be rapidly employed on a large scale. However, these types of energy alone are not sufficient to replace oil and coal as the most prevalent power sources therefore the levels of CO2 emissions will continue to rise. Scientists have caution that if far-reaching radical steps are not employed now, the consequences of global climate change will quickly become irreversible and the earth’s temperature will continue to increase despite future attempts to diminish these dangerous emissions. Consequently, nuclear power plants should be built as soon as possible to replace coal burning facilities. â€Å"Nuclear energy is a clean, safe, reliable and competitive energy source. It is the only source of energy that can replace a significant part of the fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) which massively pollute the atmosphere and contribute to the greenhouse effect† (Comby, 2006). Nuclear plants are the only alternative to coal that would be able to provide all the electricity power needs for both residential and businesses and residential customers. Nuclear power is the only feasible energy alternative that could replace the enormous energy needs of the world’s people and, if implemented with a sense of urgency, could be constructed in time to save the earth from the most horrific consequences. Environmentalists who are against nuclear electric plants should appreciate that this is the best way to avoid the ominous affects of irreversible global climate change. Their anxiety principally concerns nuclear waste disposal. â€Å"Nuclear waste is to be deposited in deep geological storage sites; it does not enter the biosphere. Its impact on the ecosystems is minimal. An intelligent combination of energy conservation, and renewable energies for local low-intensity applications, and nuclear energy for base-load electricity production, is the only viable way for the future† (Comby, 2006). Some detractors of nuclear power point to the possible deaths resulting from nuclear accidents. To date, o nly the nuclear power plant melt-down at Chernobyl caused deaths. No deaths are associated with the recent plant damage in Japan. Compare nuclear power plants safety record to that of coal mines. Chernobyl was unique. That type of accident could not occur in any other plant because all the currently operating reactors in the world are located inside a containment structure (Chernobyl was not). The 1979 Three Mile Island reactor core meltdown, which was the result of a failure in its core cooling system, emitted a lot of radiation but the reactor was housed in a containment structure which kept the radiation from being released into the air. There were no deaths or injuries. (Miller, 2004) Nuclear power is safer and more dependable than ever before. We cannot allow the

Two Views on Domesticity Essay Example for Free

Two Views on Domesticity Essay In Joan Williams book â€Å"Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It†, she defines domesticity as â€Å"a gender system comprising most centrally of both the particular organization of market work and family work that arose around 1780, and the gender norms that justify, sustain, and reproduce that organization. † (1) Throughout the book, Williams seeks to redefine the very meaning of domesticity and how it affects both men and women. The author of the article â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling†, seeks to explain how men and women navigate their emotional minefields and why it affects their respective statuses in society. While Williams and the author of â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling† differ on the reasons why women are seen as being on a lower pedestal than men, they both agree that women do a good job of dealing the hand they are dealt, for the most part. It is obvious that Williams sympathy lies toward the female half of the population. In the introduction, Williams cites several statistics that shows the reader how women are victimized by the â€Å"ideal worker† norm. The author defines an ideal worker as someone who works forty hours a week year round. (2) She goes on to explain how this norm excludes most â€Å"mothers of childbearing age. †(2) One statistic cited states that â€Å" two-thirds (Williams emphasis) [of mothers] are not ideal workers even in the minimal sense of working full time full year. † (2) Another statistic cited states that 93 percent of mothers are excluded from jobs that require â€Å"extensive overtime. † (2) With sobering statistics like these, Williams tries to show that against towering odds, mothers of childbearing age arent able to compete in the market workplace with men. Williams unequivocally states that she wants to â€Å"democratize access to domesticity. † (174) She then goes on to state that â€Å"a restructuring of market work will give to working class women and women of color greater access to the parental care that remains a widespread social ideal. † (174) This is an interesting idea because earlier in the book, Williams ripped apart a womans book because the author made certain life and career choices that didnt seem palatable to Williams for some reason. Deborah Fallows, a successful linguist in her own right, went down to part time hours, then quit altogether, when her son was born. She wrote a book called A Mothers Work, which described the journey that she took from successful career woman to stay-at-home mom. For some reason, Williams doesnt believe Fallows would happily give up her career for her son and husband, a high powered White House aide. Williams states: â€Å"Thus Fallows presents (authors emphasis) her decision to stay home as a choice she made to improve her own emotional state She quit both to avoid negative feelings and to experience positive ones, as leaving gave her more time â€Å"to partake of the pleasures of [Tommys] company. † (19) Williams sees Fallows choice to stay home as a prime example of how domesticity saturates even the upper levels of society. Williams goes so far as to attack Fallows view on child care. On page 32, Williams wonders why Fallows would be against day care in general when her own experience was positive: â€Å"It is hard to see why the low quality of child care for the poor explains Fallows decision to stay home. † It seems as if Williams is having a really hard time trying to figure out why an upper class woman like Fallows would give up everything she was working for in order to stay home with her child. If staying at home with the kids is okay for poor and working class women, why isnt it okay for a woman like Fallows? On the surface, Williams seems to be fighting for women all across the economic spectrum. However, underneath lies a subtle streak of the same sort of classist attitudes that Williams pins on some feminists later on in her book. With Williams raging against the machine of domesticity, one would think that the author would lash out at the male half of the population. Surprisingly, she doesnt do this. Williams feels that men are also the victims of domesticitys ideas of the ideal worker as well as domesticitys view in other areas of society. For example, on page 3, Williams explains how women generally lose out when it comes to financial support after divorce: â€Å"Mothers marry, marginalize, and then divorce in a system that typically defines womens and childrens postdivorce entitlements in terms of their basic â€Å"needs†, while mens entitlements reflect the assumption (derived from domesticity) that they â€Å"own† their ideal-worker wage. † In this case, Williams chooses not to point the finger at an easy target (men). Instead, she blames a system that allows men to keep the vast majority of their earnings while â€Å"40 percent of divorced mothers live in poverty. † (3) Williams even blames domesticity for the lack of parenting prowess on the part of some men. Again, Williams cites some statistics that shows how domesticity changed attitudes on parenting: â€Å"One study estimated that an average American father spends twelve minutes a day in solo child care. Another reported that mothers spend about three times as much time as fathers in face-to-face interaction with their children. † (3) The author then gives a short history lesson on how exactly did domesticity changed the face of parenting for both men and women: child rearing was considered too important to be left to women, and child-rearing manuals addressed fathers. Men were actively involved, in part because market work and family work were not yet geographically separated, so that fathers generally worked closer to home than most do today In a society that viewed women as the â€Å"weaker vessel,† it made no sense to delegate childrens health, well-being, and eternal souls to the exclusive sphere of women. (3) It seems as if Williams is yearning for a simpler time when fathers could take off work for a few moments and read a story to his children. This isnt a perfect scenario. After all, women were seen as inferior second class citizens who werent capable of molding the minds of her children. What Williams is actually wishing for is a time where the ideas of domesticity didnt interfere with the way that fathers tended to their children. While Joan Williams is sounding a battle cry, the author of the article â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling† is blowing a whistle. In the article, the author attempts to explain not only how men and women handle their emotions, but how women use their emotions to navigate a society that still sees them as second class citizens. One thing that Williams and the author article would agree on is that the female half of the population is usually seen as an afterthought in our society. This point would be where the two authors viewpoints diverge. First, the author of the article argues that women use their emotions as a means to an end. In a society that doesnt value a lot of their contributions, some women have found other ways to survive: lacking other resources, women make a resource out of feeling and offer it to men as a gift in return for the more material resources they lack. For example, in 1980 only 6 percent of women but 50 percent of men earned over $15,000 a year. (GSF 163) From this passage, one can see that the author feels that women readily adapted to the hand they were dealt. The author doesnt even seem to think this is a bad thing. They see this manipulation of their emotional palette more as a means of survival. The author even theorizes as to why women are believed to have been born with what Williams calls an â€Å"ethic of care†: As for many others of lower status, it has been in the womans interest to be the better actor. As the psychologists would say, the techniques of deep acting have unusually high â€Å"secondary† gains. Yet these skills have long been mislabeled â€Å"natural†, a part of womens â€Å"being† rather than something of her own making. (GSF 167) Williams would disagree with part of this authors statement. While the author of the article and Williams both believe that the place of women in society is based on societal beliefs, Williams states in her book that the ideas that domesticity has planted is the sole reason for this. For example, on page 182, William says that â€Å" women need to be selfless only because they live in a system that marginalizes caregivers. † In other words, women have no choice but to be selfless caregivers. In her book, Williams does everything she can to fight the societal belief that all women are born with an ethic of care. The author of â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling†, however, not only thinks that women are born with this innate need to nurture, but that it comes in handy when women become mothers: â€Å" more women at all class levels do unpaid labor of a highly interpersonal sort. They nurture, manage and befriend children. More â€Å"adaptive† and â€Å"cooperative†, they address themselves better to the needs of those who are not yet able to adapt and cooperate much themselves. †(GSF 170) The author of the article uses the example of male and female flight attendants to illustrate how society views men and women in a position of authority. The author reported that when a female flight attendant makes a request of a passenger, the passengers would usually argue with them. When a male flight attendant was called over to help, the request was usually granted with no problem. Williams claims that most people arent able to help this phenomenon: â€Å"Thirty years of second-wave feminism have seen many accomplishments, but dislodging the ideology of domesticity is not one of them. Most people, feminists or not, believe some version of domesticitys descriptions of men and women. † (193) Williams and the author of â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling† would disagree about a lot of things. Williams is a head strong feminist whose goal is to change the core beliefs of society. The author of the article believes that women have used their emotional palettes to adapt to their marginalized role in society and doesnt say whether this survival tactic should be a thing of the past. One thing that is evident in both Williams book and the article is the belief that women throughout history have been resilient in working the hand they are dealt and will continue this tradition as long as society pushes their half to the outermost margins. Works Cited Williams, Joan. Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling† (article)

How to Sell A Website :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

How to Sell A Website Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com It is a joyous time when you are ready to sell your website. While you will be fraught with questions and unknown variables when ultimately you decide to sell your website it can be like winning a jackpot and a big change to your life. You might have been building your web business for years, consistently working on it day after day and night after night. When it finally sells you get a (hopefully) big cash injection and move on to new projects feeling renewed and excited about your future prospects. But before this can happen you have to make the sale, which in and of itself is a tricky task. I sold a website back in 2004 and at the time it was a pretty big deal for me. I had built the site for a hobby in 1998. The funny thing was I didn’t really think about selling my site because it was making money so consistently. It had become so routine that it was just part of my life. One day it dawned on me - Why can’t I sell it? It produces revenue so has a value - let’s give it a go! I really wanted to move on to other projects and just the idea of not having to look after the site was a huge relief - I knew selling it was the right thing to do. But how on earth do you sell a website? How To Sell A Website I’m going to recount the processes I went through to sell my site. By no means should you consider what I did as hard and fast rules but they should give you some guidelines. Remember that there are many ways you can go about the process and you should explore all your options before deciding to sell. How Much Is Your Site Worth? Your site is worth as much as someone is willing to give you for it. Simple answer really. I know, that doesn’t help when you go out advertising a site for sale and everyone is asking how much you want for it and you don’t know what to say. You don’t want to undercut yourself especially after years of hard work, but then again, you are selling a website - virtual property - it just seems a little bit strange doesn’t it.

As Psychology Essay

One of the key differences between the concepts of STM and LTM is duration. â€Å"Duration† refers to how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available. Short term memories don’t last very long. An example of STM in action would be trying to remember a seven-digit phone number that you have just been given. This is maintained in the short-term memory by REPETITION until the number is dialled, and then fades once the conversation starts. The way most people keep information in their STM for more than a few seconds is to rehearse it. So rehearsal is one way of keeping a memory active. The result of verbal rehearsal is that STM are held in the STM store and eventually become long term. Duration of LTM LTM refers to memories that last anywhere for 2 hours to 100 years plus, i. e. anything that isn’t short term. Some memories are very long lasting. For example Shepard (1967) tested duration of LTM. He showed participants 612 memorable pictures, one at a time. An hour later they were shown some of these pictures among a set of others and showed almost perfect recognition. Four months later they were still able to recognise 50% of photographs. The material to be remembered was more meaningful to the participants and therefore the duration of the LTM was better. Key study on duration of STM Lloyd and Margaret Peterson (1959) conducted a landmark study of the duration of STM. They enlisted the help of 24 students attending their university. The experimenter said a consonant syllable to the participant followed by a three-digit number (e. g. WRT 303 or SCX 591). The consonant syllable was selected to have no meaning. Immediately after hearing the syllable and number, the participants had to count backwards from this number in 3s or 4s until told to stop. Then the participants were asked to recall the nonsense syllable. The reason for counting backwards was to stop the participants rehearsing the syllable because rehearsal would aid recall. Each participant was given two practice trials followed by eight trials. On each trial the retention interval (time spent counting backwards) was different. They found that participants remembered about 90% when there was only a 3-second interval and about 2% when there was an 18-second interval. This suggests that, when rehearsal is prevented, STM lasts about 20 seconds at most. Evaluation The findings from the Peterson and Peterson study have been challenged. We might argue that, in this experiment, participants were relying on more than STM alone because they knew they were going to be asked to recall the items after an interval filled with a distracting activity. Other research such as Marsh et al, (1997) has suggested that when participants do not expect to be tested after this interval, forgetting may occur after just 2 seconds. This suggests that our understanding of the duration of STM may not be as clear-cut as first thought. In fact, more recent research even suggests that the duration of STM is not as short as Peterson and Peterson’s study would suggest. Nairne’s et al (1999) found that items could be recalled after as long as 96 seconds. In Nairne’s study, participants were asked to recall the same items across trials, whereas in the earlier study different items were used on each trial, which would have led to interference between items, decreasing recall. Capacity and Encoding Capacity is a measure of how much can be held in memory. It is measured in terms of bits of information such as number of digits. STM has a very limited capacity (less than 7 chunks of information) whereas LTM has potentially unlimited capacity. Increasing the capacity of STM The magic number 7+/-2 George Miller (1956) wrote a memorable article called â€Å"The magic number seven plus or minus two†. He reviewed psychological research and concluded that the span of immediate memory is 7; people can cope reasonably well with counting seven dots flashed onto a screen but not many more than this. Miller also found out that people can recall 5 words as well as they can recall 5 letters – we chunk things together and can then remember more. The size of the chunk matters Simon (1974) found that people had a shorter memory span for larger chunks, such as 8-word phrases, than smaller chunks, such as one-syllable words. Evaluation Cowan (2001) reviewed a variety of studies on the capacity of STM and concluded that STM is likely to be limited to above 4 chunks. This suggests that STM may not be as extensive as was first thought. Vogel et al, (2001) looked at the capacity of STM for visual information and also found that 4 items was about the limit. Encoding in STM and LTM PAGE 23 Encoding is the way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory. Information enters the brain via the senses. It is then stored in various forms such as visual codes (picture), acoustic forms (sounds), or a semantic form (the meaning of the experience). Information in the STM is mainly encoded acoustically (information is represented as sound); whereas information in LTM tends to be encoded semantically (information is represented by its meaning). Acoustic and semantic encoding We can compare the ways information is stored in STM and LTM in terms of encoding of the memory trace. Acoustic coding involved coding information in terms of the way it sounds The multi-store model of memory The multi-store model of memory (MSM) is an explanation of how memory processes work. The MSM was first described by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968. There is three stores/components in the MSM which are the sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory The sensory memory is composed of several stores which are the eyes, ears, nose, etc, and the corresponding areas of the brain. If a person’s attention is focused on one of the sensory stores, then the data is transferred to STM. Attention is the first step in remembering something. Short-term memory Information held in STM is in a â€Å"fragile state†. It will disappear relatively quickly if rehearsal is prevented. Information will also disappear if new information enters STM pushing out the original information. This happens because STM has a limited capacity. Long-term memory The second step is moving information from STM to LTM. Atkinson and Shiffrin said that this also happens through rehearsal. The more something is rehearsed the more it will be remembered. This kind of rehearsal is referred to maintenance rehearsal. Evaluation The sensory store Sperling (1920) gave participants a grid of digits and letters for 50 milliseconds. They were either asked to write down all 12 items or they were told they would hear a tone immediately after the exposure and they should just write down that row. When asked to report the whole thing their recall was poorer (5 items recalled, about 42%) then when asked to give one row only (3 items recalled, 75%). This show that information decays rapidly in the sensory store. The serial position effect Glazer and Cunitz (1966) gave participants a list of 20 words, presented one at a time, and then asked to recall words they could remember. They tended to remember the words from the start of the list (primary effect) and from the end of the list (recency effect) but were less good at recalling words in the middle. The primary effects occur because the first words are best rehearsed and transferred to LTM. The recency effect occurs because these words are in the STM when people start recalling the list. Areas of the brain associated with STM and LTM One way to demonstrate the existence of separate stores in memory is to link STM and LTM to specific areas of the brain. Modern techniques of scanning the brain can be used to take images of the active brain and enable us to see what region is active when a person is undertaking particular tasks. Research (Beardsley, 1977) has found that the prefrontal cortex is active when individuals are working on a task in STM. The working memory model Baddeley and Hitch (1974) used the term ‘working memory’ to refer to that bit of memory that you are using when you are working on a complex task which requires you to store information as you go along. The components of the working memory Central executive This is the key component of the working memory. The function of the central executive is to direct attention to particular tasks, determining at any time how ‘resources’ are allocated to tasks. The central executive has a very limited capacity. Phonological loop This also has a limited capacity. The phonological loop deals with the auditory information and preserves the order of information. Baddeley (1986) further subdivided this loop into the phonological store and an articulatory process. The phonological store holds the words you hear, like an inner ear. The articulatory process is used for words that are heard or seen (inner voice). Visuo-spatial sketch pad The Visuo-spatial sketch pad is used when you have to plan a spatial task (like getting from one room to another). Visual and/or spatial information is temporary stored here. Visual information is what things looks like and spatial information is the relationship between things. Logie (1995) suggested that the Visuo-spatial sketchpad can be divided into a visual cache (store) and inner scribe which deals with spatial relations. Episodic buffer Baddeley (2000) added the episodic buffer because he realised the model needed a general store. The episodic buffer is an extra storage system that has a limited capacity. It integrates information from the central executive, the phonological loop and the Visuo-spatial sketchpad and also from the long-term memory. Evaluation Doing two tasks using the same or different components Hitch and Baddeley (1976) gave participants two tasks to do simultaneously. Task 1 occupied the central executive and task 2 either involved the articulatory loop or both the central executive and articulatory loop. Task 1 was slower when given a task involving both the central executive and articulatory loop. The speed on task 1 was the same whether using the articulatory loop or no extra task. This shows that doing two tasks that involve the same component causes difficulty. Evidence for the central executive Bunge et al. (2000) used an fmri to see which parts of the brain were most active when participants were doing two tasks (reading a sentence and recalling the final word in each sentence). The same brain areas were active in either dual- or single – task conditions but there was significantly more activation in the dual-task condition indicating that increased demands were reflected in brain activity. Evidence for the Visuo-spatial sketchpad Baddeley et al. (1975b) demonstrated the existence of thee Visuo-spatial sketch pad. Participants were given a visual tracking task (they had to track a moving light with a pointer). At the same time they were given kne of two other tasks: task 1 was to describe all the angles on the letter F, task 2 was to perform a verbal task. Task 1 was very difficult but not task 2. This is also evidence related to the effects of doing two tasks using the same or different components. Evidence for the episodic buffer Baddeley et al. (1987) found that, when participants were shown words and then asked for immediate recall, their performance was much better for sentences (related words) then for unrelated words. This supports the idea of an immediate memory store for itesms that are neither visual nor phonological. Accuracy of Eye Witness testimony Loftus and Palmer were interested in whether misleading interesting distorted the accuracy of an eyewitness’s immediate recall. What did they do? 45 students were shown seven films of different traffic accidents. After each film the participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and then answer a series of specific questions about it. There was one critical question. This question was about ‘how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? One group of participants were given this question whereas the other five groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, bumped or contacted in place of the word hit. What did they find? The group given the world ‘smashed’ estimated a higher speed that the other groups (about 41 mph). The group given the word ‘contacted’ estimated the lower speed (about 30 mph). Evaluation Supporting DO LATER (PAGE 33) Factors influencing the accuracy of eye witnessing testimony Many researchers have looked at the relationship between anxiety and accuracy in eyewitness testimony. Deffenbacher et al. 2004) carried out a meta-analysis of 18 studies published between 1974 and 1997, looking at the effects of heightening anxiety on accuracy of eyewitness recall. From these studies it was clear that there was considerable support for the hypothesis that high levels of stress negativity impacted on the accuracy of eyewitness memory. Anxiety enhances recall Christianson and Hubienet te (1993) found when they questioned 58 real witnesses to bank robberies. Those witnesses who were threatened in some way were more accurate in their recall and remembered more detail than those who had been onlookers. This continued to be true even 15 months later. The weapon focus effect Johnson and Scott (1976) identified the weapon-focus effect. In their initial experiment, Loftus et al. used two conditions, one involving a weapon and one not. In both conditions participants heard a discussion in an adjoining room. In condition 1 a man emerged holding a pen and with grease on his hands. In conditions 2 the discussion was rather more heated and a man emerged holding a paperknife covered in blood. When asked to identify the man from 50 photos, participants in condition 1 were 49% more accurate, compared with 33% accuracy in condition 2. This suggests that the weapon may have distracted attention from the person holding it and therefore explain why eyewitnesses sometimes have poor recall for certain details of violent crimes. Evaluation Explaining the apparent contradiction Deffenbacher suggests that this contradiction in research finding could best be explained with reference to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which states that performance improves with increase of arousal up to some optical point then declines with further increase. Many researchers believe that anxiety effects in eye-witness testimony are curvilinear. This means that small to medium increases in arousal may increase the accuracy of memory, but high levels interfere with accuracy. Those studies which had found improved memory accuracy were most likely dealing with increased arousal within the first part of the Yerkes-Dodson curve, whereas studies which showed that accuracy decreases with increased arousal were most likely operating in the second part of the curve. MORE EVALUATION!! The cognition interview Fisher and Geiselman (1992) developed an interviewing technique, the cognitive interview. The original cognitive interview technique could be characterised by four distinct components 1. Report everything (hypermnesia) 2. Mental reinstatement of context- the interviewer encourages the interviewee to mentally recreate the environment and contacts from the original incident. 3. Changing the order- the interviewer may try alternative ways through the timeline of the incident, for example by reversing the order in which events occurred. 4. Changing the perspective- the interviewee is asked to recall the incident from multiple perspectives The first two components are based on the principle that if there is consistency between the actual incident and the recreated situation, there is an increased likeliness that witnesses will recall more detail therefore more accurate in their recall. The latter two components are based on the assumption that information that observed can be retrieved through a number of different routes into an individual’s memory. Evaluation Kohnken et al. , (1999) did a meta-analysis of 53 studies found, on average, an increase of 34% in the amount of correct information generated in the cognitive interview compared with standard interviewing techniques. Milne and Bull (2002) examined the relative effectiveness of each of the four components of the cognitive interview. Undergraduate students and children were interviewed using one of the components of the cognitive interview and compared to a control condition (where they were instructed to simply ‘try again’). When participants were interviewed using a combination of the components ‘mental reinstatement’ and ‘report everything’ their recall was significantly higher than in all other conditions.